Notes on Anil Essay

However, he sees people outside and discovers the Headman’s brother, Marimuthu hanging a woman, at which he is traumatised. The next day, the body has been taken down and we learn that it is Marimuthu’s wife. However, Marimuthu is pretending that his wife has commited suicide. Anil tells the village & the Headman that he saw Marimuthu kill the woman and the Headman goes off to talk to Anil’s father about him. In the next section, we learn that Anil is being sent to school (a great opportunity) but it is so that the Headman can cover up his brother’s actions as a murderer. At the end, both father & son explore their decisions and whether they made the right/wrong choice given the consequences. The last scene shows the Headman & his brother, the Headman smiling at his brother and the brother showing relief that they got away with it. Form †¢ †¢ Omniscient narrator – allows us to learn the feelings of each of the characters – an overview of the story. Short story bildungsroman: shows the character growing up/maturing when he learns the nature of good/evil and something about morality, â€Å"I will never forget this town and the sin that it buries today. As a child, we believe in right & wrong and that sins are punished. However, he learns that there is not always justice in the world, and in fact sin is metaphorically buried. †¢ Epiphany: as above: â€Å"I will never forget this town and the sin that it buries today. † (line 216. ) Structure †¢ †¢ Lines 93-95- powerful visual- cinematic description of the body shocks us- climax shocking so early in the story. Lines 41- 60- the boy’s fears are presented: father, fear of the dark, mosquito, ghosts- writer uses one word lines to reflect the tension, ‘They. Peyi. Pesase. Ghosts. ’- also ‘Dare he? ’- the omniscient narrator draws us into Anil’s mind. Lines 159-160- the second section is used to describe the aftermath where Anil finds himself accusing the murderer, ‘You killed her. ’ We are left on a cliff-hanger as we wonder what the consequences will be, ‘†¦ about this son of yours. ’ See epiphany is form. Lines 198-202- we are now given Ragunathan’s perspective and the writer presents his confused shame as Anil is sent away. †¢ †¢ †¢ Language †¢ Lines 1-14 (opening paragraph): heat is emphasised to create a claustrophobic and confined setting, ‘hot, sweltering’- contrasts with the image of the star Anil watches, ‘a small star shone†¦ ’ as his dreams set him apart (omniscient narrator allows us to see Anil’s perspective and draws us to him. ) Lines 21-31- physical details of mother reinforce the heat and discomfort/pain of the setting and their lives, ‘wet patch†¦ layers of fat’- a child’s view amuses us ‘Wheee†¦ the fly slid down’ but is mixed with the accepted pain/violence/abuse ‘the bruise†¦where Appa†¦ had hit her. ’ Lines 69- 74- symbolism of the tree- from childish view ‘†¦ a tree that ate little children. ’ To shocking reality ‘They were hanging a woman. Lines 222- end- the worm simile used to describe how Marimuthu views the train/the truth within Anil reflects the relief he feels at having escaped justice- the heat of his wife’s injustice distorts the train and makes the image sinister, but even more sinister to the reader is the ‘shadow of a smile’ which hints that all is under control again. †¢ †¢ †¢ How to use PETER for analysis: P- The writer uses a star at the beginning of the story and after the climax of the murder to highlight Anil’s innocence and isolation, E- ‘silencing the sobs that wracked his little body, as a star shimmered above. ’ T- The repeated symbolism of the star as well as the alliteration of ‘silencing the sobs’ and ‘star shimmered’ E- draws our attention to his vulnerability and perhaps loss of innocence as he witnesses such a crime. R- We cannot help but feel pity for Anil’s character as we share his pain and terror. O- create your own other interpretation here.

How Values Affect Decisions in Personal and Professional Life Essay

Abstract Many people have a set of core values, either personal, organizational, or cultural, that help guide his or her life, and that assist him or her in making decisions in their everyday existence. Most of my decisions are based on how they will affect my family, me, and my career. My family is the key factor in any decision I make. I have to consider what influence my choices will have on my family before I act on them. My success in my career choice of Information Systems is also an important value to me. I strive to improve my knowledge of information systems to the best of ability in order to further my career. This value has brought me to be results oriented, a hard worker, and a team player. Companies are now doing business with other companies in different countries. Organizations are now set up to where employees have to interact with different people to get the job done. If someone desires a long, prosperous career, they have to learn to work with diverse people of different cultures. Everyone has a set of core values that assist him or her in making decisions in their daily existence, and many people expect these values to lead them to live a wonderful life. Many people have a set of core values, either personal, organizational, or cultural, that help guide his or her life, and that assist him or her in making decisions in their everyday existence Values such as my family, friendships, and personal growth contribute to the choices that I make in my personal life. Values such as being results-oriented, a hard worker, a team player, and the desire to be successful guide me in making decisions in an organizational environment. I evaluate my core values before making any decisions that will influence them in anyway. According to author David Peters (2003): Personal ethics have been defined as principles of good behavior, a moral code of conduct, or a system to decide between competing options. But simply stated, personal ethics are nothing more than the rules impose on ourselves that govern our daily actions. (p. 30) For many people different factors and beliefs shape their values but, I believe that everyone shares one goal of living the best life possible not just physically but spiritually and mentally. Many of my decisions are based on how they will affect my family, me, and my career. My family is the key factor in any decision I make. I have to consider what influence my choices will have on my family before I follow through with them. For example, my returning to school keeps me from spending as much time as I would like with my loved ones. I thought about returning back to school long and hard and came to the conclusion that I need to return to school now before I have more children, my daughter gets to an age were I have to run her all over town for things that she wants to participate in, or any other life-changing event takes place. I came to the conclusion that I need to go now because it will only take between a year and half or two years to complete. By the time I am done with school, my daughter will be four and starting kindergarten, and that is a good time to also think about having another child. So I decided to go ahead and return to school and get my master’s degree in information systems. If I know that a decision will drastically affect my family, I will go to them to get their input on the situation. My success in my career choice of Information Systems is also an important value to me. Roy Posner states, â€Å"One of the interesting values in life is one’s innate desire for continuous improvement. † (Roy Posner 2006). I strive to improve my knowledge of information systems to the best of my ability in order to further my career. This value has brought me to be results oriented, a hard worker, and a team player. In the environment of information technology, everyone has to be team player because most of the positions require people to interact with each other. Whether the person is a systems analyst or a mail clerk, he or she will be part of a diverse group of people who have to work together effectively and efficiently to meet the goals of the organization as a whole. â€Å"Culture is the key to people’s way of living, accepting changes and doing business is rapidly loosing geographical borders. † (Kanungo, 2006, p. 23). Companies are now doing business with other companies in different countries. Organizations are now set up to where employees have to interact with different people to fulfill his or her job duties. If someone desires a long, prosperous career, they have to learn to work with diverse people of different cultures. At one time or another, everyone has had life experiences that help guide his or her decision making process. Nancy Haught (2006) states the following: For many people, from many different belief systems, their faith is the only factor that they see shaping their personal ethics. But most Americans would admit that other factors do play a part: parents or other relatives;? experiences such as a stint in the Peace Corps or a brush with the law. The factors that shape our ethics are varied, but it religion that often gets the credit, or the blame† (p.C1) Many people have come to the realization that they don’t have to have the world to live a good life. Although, someone may want a successful career, they shouldn’t have to sacrifice other aspects of their life to obtain it. Other aspects of life are more fulfilling, such as a wonderful relationship with God, family, and friends. Many people have a set of core values that assist him or her in making decisions in their daily existence, and many people expect these values to lead them to live a wonderful life References Haught, N. (2006, March 11). Ethics & values | definitions ethics, morals, values. The Oregonian, C1. Kanungo, R. P. (2006). Cross culture and business practice: are they coterminous or cross-verging? Cross Cultural Management, 13(1), 23. Peters, David. (2003) Your Personal Ethics ? is it time for a check up? National Jeweler, 97 (7), 30. Posner, Roy. (2006). The Power of Personal Values. Retrieved July 05, 2007 from http://www. gurusoftware. com/GuruNet/Personal/Topics/Values. htm.

Check List for Project Finance Essay

1. Brief description of every project sponsor: company history, establishment date, legal form, ownership, subsidiaries, core activities. Data on sponsor’s experience in the host country and in the project’s industry. Explanation of how the project relates to the sponsor’s strategic direction/goals. 2. Annual reports of the past three years for every project sponsor. Additional requirements in the case of project finance for activities in existing plants: detailed structured data for the past three years and budgets for the next five years on revenues (including a breakdown of export versus domestic foreign currency revenues if any, for countries with non-convertible currency; revenue mix by customer, country, and product) and expenses (in detail; in the case of non-convertible currencies, these need to be grouped separately). 3. Summary of the project concerned, including name, location, purpose, organisational form, ownership, equity, security structure, status of licenses/approvals, local partners, marketing and distribution, financing. 4. Brief characterisation of the role of the host country. For projects with currencies that are not completely freely convertible: description of the measures to avoid convertibility and transfer risk (including escrow accounts). 5. Schematic representation of the contract structure and the significant existing or intended contractual relationships and security. 6.List of references of the general contractor and/or most important suppliers as far as known; list of references of comparable projects to document the proven technological feasibility and the experience in the sector and host country. 7.Information on operator/management company: Company history, ownership, core activities, list of references, documentation of relevant experience in industry and host country. 8.Independent feasibility study reporting on the project’s economic and financial viability and political and environmental acceptability. Information on the level of expertise of the advisers/experts used in terms of subject area and geographic region, as it relates to the project (list of references). 9.The following information, if not already included in the feasibility study: a) Technical description, flow sheet, layout b) Detailed derivation of estimated operating costs (price and quantity details) c)Procurement situation for raw materials and supplies, including corresponding contract documents d) Description of the management, training of staff, staff costs and qualifications e) Environmental aspects, environmental impact assessment report, required environmental approvals and environmental measures, general description of location and emphasis on its specific relevant features, socio-economic and socio-cultural aspects. Also see our detailed requirements for the environmental review. f) Discussion of the amounts and appropriateness of the investment value and the risks regarding time and cost overruns. g) Timetable for construction and commissioning, milestones h) Market information on the project’s products/services, including the price and volume trends for the past 5 to 10 years; competitive situation, current and future supply and demand situation; forecast, identification and geographic location of main customers; marketing and logistics strategy; description of the planned marketing activities and off-take agreements (e.g. take-or-pay agreements) i) Detailed project costs, broken down by main categories of the key construction and commissioning cost items, interest over construction period, financing of working capital j) Projected procurement of funds, including source, amount, currency, time of input k) Cash flow projection over the repayment term of the requested export-credit-insured loan (including sensitivity analysis: a realistic base scenario, an optimistic and a pessimistic scenario), explanation of how any cash deficits will be covered l) Derivation and assumptions of the cash flow projection, including basis for sales quantity and prices, operating and administrative expenses, depreciation, amortization and impairment losses, taxes, inflation, exchange rate movements, export licenses, influence of local government.

Kilmer Ecological Preserve Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Kilmer Ecological Preserve - Lab Report Example The annual species include the peppergrass, oxtail grass, and ragweed. Perennial species, on the other hand, include the common cinquefoil, milkweed, strawberry, and plantain. A close examination shows that all species growth close to the ground surface to avoid wind and maximize the surface area of sunlight. The ‘power-line cut’ reflects a region that would be suitable for power lines to pass through due to the size of the vegetation. This region is inhabited with shrubs, perennial herbs and grasses. It can be classified as a second stage of the second succession due to the size and nature of vegetation (Mongillo 2004). There are various dispersal mechanisms depending on individual seeds. Wind dispersion is effective for the maple and goldenrod species. Animal dispersion is through birds that carry the cedar, sumac and oak species. The seeds are later able to colonize new habitats after factors such as weather and tragedies such as fire. It is part of the 1929 field providing shelter to the perennial grasses (Kilmer Ecological Preserve). It represents the second succession stage but at an earlier stage due to the new vegetation. Secondary disturbances such as fire have led to the growth of resistant herbs and other perennial plants. The poison ivy is also common in the area due to its resistance qualities. This area represents a later stage of success. There is the presence of young woodlands where tree species are getting to a larger size. Close assessment also reveals that other species of shrubs have been shaded out due to increasing in competitions for the available resources. The grown woodlands have led to the creation of little canopies that prevent growth of other shrubs despite the poison ivy. Maple trees that are part of a secondary succession inhabit the area. The tour reveals that they grow at the same time due to disturbances such as fire that is common. They also

Poem and Story Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Poem and Story Analysis - Essay Example The poem clearly shows the lack of trust for males as they’re presented as the merciless cop who is always willing, in fact ready to destroy anything which comes in its path. Like Adrienne Rich presented Men in her poem, Susan Glaspell presents this half of the society very similarly in her story ‘Jury of Her Peers’. The story basically revolves around a woman and her husband who is a sheriff (just like Adrienne Rich, who presented men as cops in her poem) and is presented as an authoritative and a proud person who gives no value to women in his life. The sheriff is presented as a person who treats women as a third class member of the society and treats them wrong, both morally and ethically. Just like in the poem described above, women are again presented as a victim of this brutality and are mainly innocent. Both, the story and the poem presented one of the major problems of our society which is women being ill treated by men in many societies and cultures around the world. The writers in both the writings have presented men as cops which showed them in an authoritative position where they were able to do anything and everything, whereas women on the other hand were presented as the ones who have been suffering all the time. Both the pieces of writings are great indeed as they raised a question on our so called advanced society and pointed out the places where we still need

Literature review of manufacturing consent the political economy of Essay

Literature review of manufacturing consent the political economy of the mass media - Essay Example They state that the way in which the media reports news is normally not the most objective since it works towards the protection of the interests of those individuals with influence within the society and completely ignores those of the masses. As a result, there has developed a situation where the news which the mass media produces for public consumption is no longer necessarily in the interests of the public since it is often distorted to serve the interests of a few individuals. The news is no longer as accurate as it should be because of the fact that there is always a bias towards those who have a massive influence on the media outlets, making the latter to be ineffective in their obligations towards the public. It is mainly these issues among many others that are discussed in the book and this makes the book a very important read for those who are interested in how mass media works. Among the most fundamental issues of concern that are discussed in the book is concerning the growing size of media empires as well as their orientation to profit making (Herman & Chomsky, 1988). The principal mass media channels are large companies which are run for profit and because of this; their actions have been aimed at the realization of profits and nothing more. These institutions have been designed to cater to the financial interest of their owners, most of who have massive corporate interest, or are involved in the development of their own personal interests (Buehler, 2011). The size of media companies can be considered an indispensable product of the capital requirements for the technology to reach a massive audience, since it is through the latter that they can be able to set their agenda to the public. The global integration of media ownership is a serious issue that is tackled in the book and it can be concluded that the global integration of mass media leads to less freedom

Art Lesson Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Art Lesson Plan - Essay Example Instructional Objectives: †¢ The student will read Shel Silverstein’s The Giving Tree. †¢ Assessment: †¢ The teacher will monitor the student’s drawing session assisting with the utilization of paper and different colored ink. Materials and Equipment: †¢ The Giving Tree by Shel Silverstein †¢ Drawing paper †¢ Brown paint †¢ red and green ink Vocabulary: †¢ Gratitude †¢ Selflessness Grouping: †¢ Individuals †¢ Groups (of two) Literacy Connection: (if applicable) †¢ The teacher will explain the symbolic connection between the tree and the hand print drawing. Instructional Procedures: Introduction: †¢ Introduce the book outlining its relevance to the art lesson. †¢ Explain the link between the literal piece and the upcoming drawing activity. Step-by-Step Strategies: †¢ Strategic integration: explaining the story’s significance then establish a connection between the story and the drawing act ivity. Closure: †¢ The teacher will ask the students to describe emotional state of the hand print drawing of the tree by comparing their hand print to their description of the tree in the story. Extended Follow-up Activities: †¢ The teacher can divide the students into groups of two and instruct them to discuss their drawings of the symbolic hand. Accommodations for English Language

King of Comedy as an Example of Modern Parody Essay

King of Comedy as an Example of Modern Parody - Essay Example The use of parody is increasingly intertwined with that of satire, as the authors or film makers strive to mock or unmask the flaws and false realities of the life surrounding them. King of Comedy, a 1999 Hong Kong-produced comedy film, is just an example of such satirical parody. It is both a mockery of usual commercially successful but shallow kung-fu action movies and, to a less evident extent, the settings of Hong Kong the main hero has to deal with in his quest for success in the actor’s career. The viewer is subjected to a flurry of visual gags and usual comic tricks by Stephen Chow and other actors performing the roles of the film’s characters. At the same time, though, the film presents a characteristic mockery of the unrealities of the usual action movies by twisting or outright ridiculing the character types or situations found in them. The final moments of King of Comedy are even more of a parody nature, as the direct connection between commercial films and a more common advertisement is fully displayed with the characters openly advertising Pringles chips to the audience. The plot of King of Comedy is rather simple. Wan Tin-Sau (played by Stephen Chow himself), a not so lucky second-rate actor, tries to eke out his living by simultaneously performing as a movie extra actor and serving as the head of his village’s community center. He is approached by the local call girls who wish to increase their chance for wooing rich clients by acting like innocent school girls. Wan has to play a role of their teacher at such impersonating acts. However, one of these girls, Lau Piu-Piu, falls in love with their unfortunate teacher, as she becomes grateful to him for his efforts at teaching her play acts. However, Wan misunderstands her love for simple lust, and, after they make love for the first time, he tries to pay Lau for her alleged ‘service’. The girl is enraged and leaves Wan’s house. A poor actor is distressed due to his lack of understanding of women’s feelings. Later on, Wan is described in his more conventional environs, that is, at the film studio, where he tries to catch a new role in the possibly more paid-for position. He could not believe himself, when he is chosen for the highly sought role of the leading actor in the movie where the famous actress Sister Cuckoo is starred. Wan tries to impress her with his charm, which leads to him being involved in some fairly ridiculous situations. However, Wan’s happiness does not last long, as he is unexpectedly dismissed from the position he has just secured. He is then approached by one of the lunchmen at the studio, who, surprisingly enough, turns to be a Hong Kong police agent. Wan gets a proposal to be involved in an undercover operation, where he has to face the Triad mafia hoodlums, while his lunchman co-operative is severely wounded by them. Due to his sheer luck and the ability to distract his pursuers, Wan manages to win the day, impressing the surviving Triad operatives. Some of them would later even become his

The Need for Wireless Standards and Protocols Assignment - 1

The Need for Wireless Standards and Protocols - Assignment Example American National Standards Organization is based in the USA and is involved in creation of various standards for products, services, processes, systems and personnel in the United States. ANSI-41 that is sometimes knows as the IS-41 was developed by ANSI to support interoperability and inter-networking between GSM and ANSI-41 MAP based networks to support subscriber roaming between different networks (Russell 2006). Even though this standard supports cross-technology roaming between a GPRS networks and ANSI-41 based networks. GPRS may be coupled with a GSM network and this requires enhancement to interoperability and internetworking Function that supports multi-mode mobile station and subscriber Identity Module (SIM) that has GPRS functionalities. Despite this, there is still need for advancements in the encryption of data to increase security of data transmission. This will increase its reliability and the quality of service of this protocol (Ceruzzi 2003). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEEE is an international standardization organization that is involved with development of protocols and standards in various fields of electrical, electronics, communications, and computer engineering and computer science. In wireless communications, IEEE has been involved in creation of the IEEE 802.11 wireless local area network standard (Ceruzzi 2003). Breadth of Standards IEEE developed the first IEEE 802.11 standard in 1997, which was to provide the basis of using Wi-Fi.

Artificial Intelligence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Artificial Intelligence - Essay Example Alan Turing, then, modified the ‘imitation game’ and put a man or woman, and a computer in another separate room. The judge’s job was to decide who is a man or machine among the two contestants. Based on the second version of the experiment, Turing argued that if the ‘judge’ can pick a computer or a human using his mind, then, the computer is a simulation of a human and hence it is intelligent. The Turing has been modified further in that the imitation game has changed where there is a single contestant, a human or a computer. The judge’s job in this test is to decide whether the single contestant is a human or a machine (Moor 143).  Alan Turing proposes that the definition of intelligence can be passed to machines (computers) in that he believes that computers can be programmed to act like humans. He advocates for the question and answer method because it includes the human behaviour of talking by responding to queries. In his 1951 paper, Tu ring writes that â€Å"in fifty years’ time, computers can be programmed to play the imitation game such that any average interrogator (judge) will have less than 70% chance of identifying the correct contestant after asking questions for five minutes.† The Turing test supports the fact that if a human being is replaced by a computer and the game’s results remain unaffected, then, the machine would be equally intelligent as a human and capable of thought (Moor 144).  Turing supports his arguments by stating that machines are capable of thought if only they cannot be distinguished.

Pathophysiology of Obesity Essay Example for Free

Pathophysiology of Obesity Essay The composition of this research paper will concentrate on the topic about the pathophysiologic condition of the disorder called obesity. Thus, this would focus in the said topic to determine the functional changes that go along with such type of disorder that is seen to have developed as one of the prominent health problem in the society. Moreover, the paper would work in rendering fundamental information that is seen essential to further understand the condition of obesity. In addition to this, this research would also deal with the key areas that are seen to be of major concern with regard to battling and preventing obesity. Nonetheless, this holds on the purpose in rendering definite and essential information about obesity. The following will be discussed: †¢ A Brief Background: Obesity †¢ Pathophysiology of Obesity †¢ Causes of Obesity †¢ Medical Treatment and Nursing Intervention At the end of the paper, in intends to render facts and information about the pathophysiology of the obesity. Likewise, the completion of this research paper is also set to provide clear and evident information with regard to the possible medical treatments and nursing interventions that could be done to be able to battle and prevent obesity. A Brief Background: Obesity It can be said that the discussions over the subject of obesity is normally overlooked as one of the major health issues that is in need of accorded attention. Normally, the society would describe obesity as a state wherein an individual with such condition is seen to be ridiculous for having such abnormal and fatty body. In a sense, obesity must be regarded as a serious condition in which it is seen to be one of the most prominent health disorders that if not properly handled it can result to numerous severe health complications in the body. In general, obesity is characterized as a chronic condition that involves excessive amount body fat (Goroll, 2006). Although body fat is necessary for storing energy, heat insulation, shock absorption, and other essential functions, the normal amount of body fat should only be between 25-30% for women and 18-23% for men (Goroll, 2006). Thus, women with excessive body fat with over 30% and for men with over 25% body fat are already considered obese (Goroll, 2006). Moreover, the obesity is also seen to be one of the escalating health conditions in the society wherein the numbers of people with such disorder are rapidly increasing (â€Å"Obesity,† n. d. ). In the United States, the obesity has already reached epidemic extent in which it is seen that one in every three Americans is obese (â€Å"Obesity,† n. d. ). Thus, obesity, as a serious health condition, is also seen to be rapidly increasing in the global society that the occurrence of obesity has practically doubled up from the year 1991 up to 1998 (â€Å"Obesity,† n. . ). Pathophysiology of Obesity With the fact that obesity is a significant health threat, the extra weight or the excessive fat is inclined to create extraordinary stress in all parts of the body (â€Å"Causes, incidence, and risk factors,† n. d. ). Thus, the occurrence of obesity normally incorporates negative developments in the body that are seen as the acquisition of serious illnesses and raises the risk of individuals to having diabetes, kidney disease, heart disease, and stroke and gallbladder disease (â€Å"Causes, incidence, and risk factors,† n. . ). Obesity also creates ill-health conditions such as high blood pressure and high cholesterol that are normally seen among the adults, which is now believed to be seen in the children that are obese (â€Å"Pathophysiology of obesity,† n. d. ). In addition to this, the obesity also increases the risk of individual to acquire certain types of cancer. Also, obese individuals are seen to be more inclined to develop osteoarthritis and sleep apnea (â€Å"Pathophysiology of obesity,† n. d. ). Likewise, the obesity or the excessive fat is often accompanied by several symptoms such as breathlessness, tiredness, back pain, sweatiness, arthritis, menstrual disorders, poor sleeping and depression (â€Å"Pathophysiology of obesity,† n. d. ). Also, obesity increases the probability of myocardial infraction and heart failure (â€Å"Pathophysiology of obesity,† n. d. ). Hence, it is seen that biggest probable impact of obesity in health, more especially with that of the elderly, is the diversity of its effects with other systems in the body (â€Å"Pathophysiology of obesity’† n. d. ). Causes of Obesity In most circumstances, the majority of medical researchers agree that a combination of excessive calorie consumption and a inactive lifestyle are seen to be the primary causes of obesity (â€Å"Obesity,† n. d. ). Thus, the increased of food consumption is normally attributed as genetic, medical or psychiatric illness (â€Å"Obesity,† n. d. ). Likewise, it is also said that the other probable causes of obesity are hereditary influences, overeating, diet high in simple carbohydrates, slow metabolism, and frequency of eating, physical inactivity, medication such as antidepressants and psychological factors such as severe emotional distress (â€Å"Obesity,† n. . ). Moreover, in the review that is done in the year 2006, it is said that the most probable factors that have contribute in the rise of obesity are seen to be the cause of insufficient sleep, endocrine disruptors, decreased rates of smoking, increased use of medication that leads to weight gain, pregnancy at a later age, intrauterine and intergenerational effects, positive natural selection of people with a higher BMI (â€Å"10 Factors in Rise of Obesity,† n. d. ). Medical Treatment and Nursing Intervention Treatment through the help of a physician is seen to be necessary in obesity, more especially during the times wherein the person’s own efforts to lose weight is not working and when it is seen essential that simultaneous medical conditions make it vital for an obese person to lose weight (â€Å"Medical Treatment for Obesity,† n. d. ). Thus, prescription of medications may seem as necessary for those having people with obesity-related health problems (â€Å"Medical Treatment for Obesity,† n. . ). In addition to this, the prescriptions of over-the-counter supplements are also considered as essential in the medical treatment of obesity that could helpful for the people in effort to lose weight (â€Å"Medical Treatment for Obesity,† n. d. ). Behavioural strategies are also used in the treatment of obesity that could help modify dietary habits and increase activity levels of obese people (â€Å"Medical Treatment for Obesity,† n. . ). Likewise, psychotherapy for eating disorders with the therapist is also seen essential in the treatment process of obesity that may also require medication (â€Å"Medical Treatment for Obesity,† n. d. ). On the other hand, it is seen evident that the other probable nursing intervention that could be done to battle obesity is having a healthy and active lifestyle through the presence of exercise. As such, the involvement through healthy exercises is indeed helpful in treatment of obesity as these activities are good in burning calories and other excess fats in the body. In addition to this, a good healthy diet is also seen as another nursing intervention for obesity in which eating healthy foods with balanced diet are essential in maintaining and achieving healthy body. Nonetheless, the modified personal discipline with regard to adverse eating habits is also seen as probable nursing intervention for obesity. Conclusion  With the above written facts and information about the pathophysiology of obesity, it is seen evident that choosing such topic in this research paper is indeed significant and helpful for the people, more especially among the individuals with such condition, as this provides factual data of the probable negative results that comes with obesity. As such, this research paper also provides factual gathering of information in battling and treating obesity. Nonetheless, it is seen evident that the issue of obesity is one of the serious health problems that are in need of proper attention.

Against Media Censorship Essay Example for Free

Against Media Censorship Essay * On television, music, and most websites, they inform the user about the contents of their website, song, or show; but others (like YouTube) put on age restrictions on them. * I’m sure most of you have had to go through these at some point in your life and have gotten upset when you can’t hear the whole song or watch the whole movie. * I’d like to explain to you all how Media Censorship is in direct violation of the First Amendment and how it can make it harder for kids to learn about certain aspects of life. * The First Amendment is one of our most important Amendments because it allows us, the citizens of the United States, to speak our minds about anything without legal government penalty. * Freedom of speech is no longer considered important to the government. People should be able to express themselves, whether it’s through music, movies, or anything, but instead they have to bleep the cuss for their song to go on the radio and block the inappropriate parts on a movie which can possibly cause a loss in entertainment or power in the message * The morals of people that have been hidden information from and the morals of the people who haven’t been hidden from are completely different. If certain things are hidden from people, then that gives people a curiosity in the subject and may cause people the use of illegal actions to obtain it. * Education isn’t something for kids need to be censored from. * People are curious about life and feel they need to learn more about it, if everything was censored then this can cause parents to be in uncomfortable situations and cause kids to ask more questions. * The government shouldn’t have to tell people what they can and can’t watch or listen to; this should be up to the person or the parents of that particular person. * The FCC (Federal Communications Commission) monitors every radio station, Television broadcast, and music broadcast to make sure that nothing inappropriate is said on the broadcast that they think may ruin the mind of the listeners. * Most music is censored while there are few artists that refuse to censor their music, and nearly all movies are also censored. * The First Amendment states that you have a freedom of speech and the FCC shouldnt be able to take that away. People can be better educated on topics if nothing is censored. * The sound of music and the graphics of movies are some things you all would most likely want to keep. * In conclusion, The media should not be censored and should not be allowed to be censored.

The Effects Of Globalization On China Economics Essay

The Effects Of Globalization On China Economics Essay Globalization is the process of expanding the business into the world markets. It improves the economic growth. It includes the globalization effects to conclude the business in going global. The company entering the new market should select the market first in knowing the investment. It also shows the union of the trade cycles among the economies. Globalization keeps on raising the global phenomena figure. The countries like china benefits the new comers with the Labour costs, working environment, Resources and Customers. Going global increases the integration between the countries and the economies. China is the best option for the newcomers, as they encourage the newcomers into the market in improving the economy. During the last decade poverty is reducing regularly in china. The system in china is ruling by the communist party which rates the corruption as zero throughout the decades. According to(), Globalization facilitates the economic development of the countries involved through increased cross border flows of trade, investment, and financial capital. Firstly, the main positive effect of globalization on china is, the labour costs and working environment. The labour cost in china is completely low all the time when compared to the rest of world. Most of the manufacturing companies all over the world targets china because of their labour costs. The Chinese are the highly emerging economically because of the foreign investments considering the labour costs and manufacturing costs. China consists of many manufacturing countries due to the resources available and labour costs. The labour in china plays major role in the international business investments. The movement of labour from one place to other in china makes flexible to operate in different operational regions. Generally, every day the rural labours working in china crosses 20 millions. The expansion of world trade increases regularly. The global GDP rises by 3.5 % to 8.2% on an average per year statistics. The global production sector is taking the root in the Chinese market. Integration of financial markets is one of the positive effects on the globalization of china. Before globalization, China is very poor and less job opportunities and now it increasing rapidly. Global economy exposure from china will result in the salary cut and job loss based on the global market change. Globalization is leading to use of labours like child workers and prisoners working inhumane conditions. The culture plays the major role in china as the Chinese citizens can be more advantageous than others. The government policies for the Chinese citizens are favourable and for others it differs in starting or investing in the business. The job insecurity in the professional employees started because of the recession and also due to the competition. The globalization on china affects the peoples health in taking the food from Mc donalds and kfc restaurants. The globalization is getting beneficial for the rich to become richer and for poor becoming poorer. The pollution from the many manufacturing industries are affecting the health and causing many diseases. 2. REPORT: INTRODUCTION: Ducati, the Italian manufacturer recently started their business in china with Mr. Handel Lee a Chinese entrepreneur in the large scale retail trade. Ducati started the new generation in motorcycle grand prix in china. MARKETING STRATEGIES: The marketing strategies implemented for the Ducati entry into the Chinese market is done with three strategies. Importing bikes, accessories and spares directly from Italy and planned for opening the company outlets at Beijing and shanghai. They focussed china because of the potential growth expected. The worldwide market has proven the Ducati sales with ultimate results in selling the maximum racing bikes to the world. The second strategy is, they launched the clothing distribution with the collaboration of Three on the bund. They have opened the exclusive store at shanghai to trade Ducati Gear. Ducati Gear is running successfully with the extra ordinary sales in the market they launched. The brand name helps in improving the market sales and strategies in creating, developing and implementing. The third strategy is all about the racing (Grand Prix). The Italian trend is to follow the history set by the manufacturers. At present, Ducati the one and only manufacturer participated in the Moto GP and organised two riding schools in circuits. The two riding schools are located at Beijing and Shanghai where the bikes are provided to enjoy the ride in race. There is no demand for bikes in china, but for creating the new era. 3. THESIS STATEMENT: Brief introduction: The statement shows the positive and negative effects of globalization on china. Analysing and suggesting the way to overcome the effects of globalization on china. There are many positive and negative effects. The positive effects of globalization are to compete with the global markets of the particular product on global scale. It projects the advantage of working market place and benefits the consumers. Because of this, they may or may not do compete with the global markets. The companies also look at the market sectors in which they were better at. It means to say that the labour in china can do better in manufacturing. The labour costs are pretty low in china when compared to the other countries around. The Chinese labour preferably good at the manufacturing sector. The consumer plays the major role in the market. The labour in china may not be good at education but the way they work shows the outcomes very high. SUGGESTIONS: The China Market is getting improved from the recent years because of the foreign investors in the china market. It improves the economy and provides job opportunities for the unemployed in china. As well, the growth rate of manufacturing companies rises rapidly resulting in making the market stable. Recently, some of the companies are facing some of the issues with the government of china as it is communist party. The high level management employees are recruited or brought up from their parent countries without giving an opportunity to the Chinese citizens. The main suggestion is like, no issues on going global on china. There are many advantages than disadvantages in globalization of china. The negative effects are even considered accordingly but they can neutralise the effects on china as the resources can help the business in china. The positive effects increase the economic growth of the country. 4.ARTICLES: Article 1. Topic Effects of globalisation on China. Title of article Policy variations of multinational enterprises labor practices in China Date (current?) 2008 Name of author or organization Kenichiro Chinen, Ruth L. Wang and Chiang Wang Authors credentials: Qualifications, title, employer/affiliations Tutors College of Business Administration, California State University, Sacramento, California, USA Contents (brief summary) Supporters of globalization highlight a major increase in the standard of living for many workers in China while critics argue that the amazing economic growth has led to an increase in pollution and harsh labor conditions in the country. It appears that as firms expand globally and have more overseas experience, they comply with minimum wages, benefits, health insurance, and legal requirements in China Is the article reliable? Yes Why? It has been downloaded from emerald insight article database which is known for trusted research content and also the article points out towards more bibliographic references. Article 2. Topic Effects of globalisation on China. Title of article How Does Globalisation Affect Regional Inequality within A Developing Country? Evidence from China Date (current?) Issue 4 April 2003 Name of author or organization Xiaobo Zhang ;Kevin H. Zhang Authors credentials: Qualifications, title, employer/affiliations Researcher and Author International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Contents (brief summary) This paper develops an empirical method for decomposing the contributions of two major driving forces of globalisation, foreign trade and foreign direct investment (FDI), on regional inequality and applies it to China Is the article reliable? yes Why? The author is working with the research institute and most reviewed and rated article online. REFERENCES: http://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=enlr=id=ox7137vOAhsCoi=fndpg=PA103dq=globalization+on+chinaots=i2uup8gFfLsig=bRiYhnchNX6JLqu8iy-cDoS5CSM#v=onepageq=globalization%20on%20chinaf=false

What is Wisdom? Essay example -- essay on wisdom

Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary defines the word wisdom as â€Å"the quality of being wise; power of judging rightly and following the soundest course of action, based on knowledge, experience, understanding, etc.; good judgment; sagacity (penetrating intelligence and sound judgment).† In this paper, I will present my interpretation of one instance of how wisdom is obtained and hopefully passed on. I perceive wisdom as the ability to make the best decision or select the best course of action according to the current situation with respect to prior similar situations and their outcomes. Wisdom is what I like to call acquired knowledge over time and experience. Wisdom is often associated with a formal education. On the other hand, you may not be formally educated, but still considered wise. As wisdom is acquired, situations are looked at in a different light. Let’s use children as an example. As babies and small children, we view our parents as role models. We emulate them as we get older. When most children reach adolescence, they think they are grown, know everything, and their parents don’t know anything. They can’t wait to get out on their own so they don’t have to follow any of those constricting rules placed upon them by their parents while they live under their parent’s roof. For the children that venture out on their own and either without their parent’s help or with just enough help to get set up, reality hits rather quickly. Out on their own, children start to see ju...

Computers Evolvement in Education :: Technology in Education Essays

Computers Evolvement in Education Picture rows of students all of different ages, having different knowledge and scholastic aptitudes, all in one classroomà ¤with one teacher. This is the late 1700s when the teacher was the sole manager and source of knowledge in the classroom. Not until two hundred years later in 1951 did the slightest bit of outside technology enter the classroom when the television was first used as a classroom instructional aid. In the middle of the Cold War, President Eisenhower passed the National Defense Education Act of 1958, bringing more money into the countryÏ€s schools to purchase new technology such as mainframe host computers. The problem was that many school systems were stuck to their ways, and insisting on continuing use of the 1700s-style instructional teaching method. President Kennedy further supported technological advances with his 1963 Vocational Education Act. Teachers and schools again rejected technology, refusing to include the expensive mainframe and minicomputers into their lesson plans. It is surprising that computers ever got as far in education as are they are now. Two years later, in 1965, the Elementary and Secondary Education Act was born, giving public schools enough money to put the computers in all schools, but unfortunately, not in the classrooms. Computers were used primarily in administration and counseling offices at that point, not addressing the studentsÏ€ instructional needs. President Richard Nixon decelerated the countryÏ€s advances for technology in the classroom. During his presidency numerous programs designed to give more money to the nationÏ€s schools were cancelled. Host computers at this time were also rejected in the school systems, as they were seen to be unnecessary classroom components. After all, what more information do students need besides that given to them by their teacher? In 1975, about six years later, some schools across the nation finally were beginning to use mainframe and minicomputers, rejecting personal computers (PCs), which were steadily increasing in use and popularity outside the classroom. Apple Computer Company even donated Apple I PCs to schools that year in efforts to market PCs to primary schools.

A Space for Intersexuality Essay -- Intersexuality Essays

A Space for Intersexuality In the video Hermaphrodites Speak, many of the individuals present stated that they felt something was missing and wished to convey to others that the surgery is unnecessary and a violation of their bodies, that something is now missing from their lives. In my paper, I will be looking at the circumstances and policies surrounding the birth reassignment surgery to which they are referring. In addition, I want to examine how this relates to our need for categories, specifically the gender categories of male and female. Why is it that we need to perform surgery on babies with ambiguous genitalia in order to somehow make them fit into these black and white gender categories? What would be the consequences of allowing hermaphrodites to make their own decisions regarding their individual sexuality? How problematic is it if they don't fit into a concrete category, and who is it that feels this is a problem? Inspired by the intersexual character of Cal/Callie in Jeffrey Eugenides Middlesex, I decided to turn to the dictionary (Oxford English Dictionary Online) to see if perhaps the definitions of "intersexual" and "hermaphrodite" had changed since the book was published. I was curious to see what the accepted, supposedly educated, view on intersexuals and hermaphrodites was these days. When I looked up the meaning of "intersexual" in the Oxford English Dictionary, I was surprised to see that there was no independent listing of the noun form of the word but only the adjective which was defined as: 1. Existing between the sexes 2. Biol. Typified by or having both male and female characteristics; having some characteristics proper to the other sex. Also absol. as n., an intersexual individual. Aha! There wa... ...surgeries for people born with an anatomy that someone decided is not standard for male or female." Maybe we should listen to what individuals and families dealing with intersex believe is a step in the right direction for society, that the problem of intersexuality is not one of gender but of stigma and trauma. It is not intersexuality and intersexuals that are the problem but normality and mainstream society that must be "fixed." Works Cited: 1. Oxford English Dictionary Online http://www.oed.com/ 2. Blackless, Melanie, Anthony Charuvastra, Amanda Derryck, Anne Fausto-Sterling, Karl Lauzanne, and Ellen Lee. 2000. How sexually dimorphic are we? Review and synthesis. American Journal of Human Biology 12:151-166. Available from http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/issuetoc?ID=69504032 3. Intersex Society of North America http://www.isna.org/drupal/

Martin Luther ; Henry VIII

The Catholic Church has begun to sell indulgences, a way to pay off sins to reduce time in purgatory, to raise money. A monk who is outraged by the pope tricking innocent worshipers into falling for his trap writes down a list of 95 reasons why the church has become corrupt by the light of a scroll and furiously hammers them to the door ofa German church. Meanwhile in England, a king is denied an annulment to his marriage.In a fit of anger, he removes the church's uthority and writes up his own religion for his land and people, with himself as to rule. A monk and a king; Martin Luther and King Henry VIII; two souls of polar opposites who broadened Europe's worldviews of religion with their gifts of Protestantism and the Anglican Church. Martin Luther, born in Germany in 1483, was a man of logic: he studied law, as guided by his father, but longed to learn about religion. One night in 1505, he was caught in a horrid lightning storm. He prayed to God, promising to become a monk if he l eft this storm alive and unharmed.He followed his word and taught peacefully. However, in 1 516, one of the catholic pope's commissioners was sent to Germany to sell and collect indulgences. This angered Luther because many of his people stopped attending church services, believing that since they had paid off indulgences, they had no need to ask forgiveness within the pews. He thought that since they would do this that they instead would spend more of an eternity in purgatory. On October 31, 1517, he began to write the 95 Theses, a list of reasons why the Catholic Church was corrupt in their intentions.He posted these onto the oor of his church with the intended audience to Just be the priest and a few others. However, because of the invention of the Printing Press, copies of Luther's works were printed and spread across Germany- eventually Europe and into the hands of the pope. People related to Luther's thoughts and this began Protestantism. Luther's journey wasn't over for him y et, though. After numerous warnings from the pope to take back what he had said, Pope Leo X excommunicated him in 1920. In 1521, Luther was called by a council of people, known as the Diet of Worms, for him to be tried as heretic.When he continued to stand by his word, he was declared an outlaw and went into hiding once returning to Germany. Meanwhile across the pond, Henry VIII had problems of his own. After taking the throne and marrying his brother's wife, he had the dilemma of being unable to have a son produced between them. Henry turned to the Pope for a marriage annulment, but was denied ofa divorce. Henry didn't want to hear ‘no' for an answer, so he called forth the Reformation Parliament to declare England to be no longer under the control of the Pope.The Acts of Parliament closed down the monasteries and put Henry in charge of the church, which was known as the Anglican Church. Out of his took the throne, Protestantism began to take root. It was not until when Henry s daughter, Mary, took the throne that England was returned to the Pope's authority. Luther never wanted to start a war against the church; he Just wanted them to let him and his beliefs in. In contrast, Henry wanted to show the church that he had the power and could do what he wanted.Henry desired to have a new church to control or his desires while Luther only wanted to help change the church (though this did not go in his favor). The Protestant Reformation combined both Luther and Henry VIII's works as well as other scholars. In the end, Europe, and even the world, would never be the same if it weren't for Martin Luther and Henry VIII making adaptions on their own. Without the Catholic Church putting up the walls for Henry or tainting the public to Luther, we would never have such diffusion between religions and cultures to add variety to our ancestors' everyday lives and ours.

Philippines Annexation Essay

Although controversial to some, the Americans made the right decision to annex the Philippines after successfully freeing them from Spanish tyranny and rule. Without American rule and support, the Philippines would have been an easy target to be taken over by Germany, England or Japan who all would have savaged the land and further suppressed the people. The Filipinos were weak, inexperienced and not ready to establish their own government and self rule themselves. During the time of the annexation, the Americans needed a strategic place in that part of the world to protect their interests, expand their trading partners and show the world they were a power to be reckoned with in spreading democracy. So even though the annexation of the Philippines was views by some as doing the same things as some of the other major countries, the Americans always viewed it as a short term solution to educate the people, help them establish themselves to self rule and to allow them time to prepare to protect themselves from other enemies. At the time the decision to annex the Philippines was made, there were other countries waiting and ready to attack and takeover the control that Spain had lost to the Americans. American rule allowed human rights, freedoms and quality of life that would not have been possible had America walked away and allowed the fledgling country try and rule itself. Germany, England, Japan and even Spain would have jumped at the opportunity to take over control of the Philippines and its many resources. Many important and profitable trade routes utilized the Philippines as a gateway to trade their goods and wares. Although it was profitable for the Americans to control this area and have access to the trade routes and resources, they were helping prepare the Filipinos to one day self rule and govern themselves as a free and independent country. Definitely not an opportunity they would have gained under rule of one of the other dominant and brutal governments. As Albert Beveridge so eloquently stated in â€Å"The March of the Flag† speech, â€Å"We can not retreat from any soil where Providence has unfurled our banner, it is ours to save†¦ for liberty and civilization. Having been brutalized  and controlled for so many years under the tyranny control of Spain and its leaders, the Filipinos were ill prepared and ready to set up their own government and rule for themselves. There would not have been any experienced and supported leader that would have gained the support of most Filipinos. This would have led to fractions fighting, internal battles and weakness within the country. These conditions would have made the Philippines an easy target to be retaken and lose their path to independence they had by being annexed by the Americans. The Americans trained their leaders, helped establish an internal military as well as set up a military base that helped to protect their people from outside attacks and takeovers from other coun tries. Even though others like Abraham Lincoln stated â€Å"that no man is good enough to govern another man without that other’s consent,† leaving the Philippines to be savaged by others would have been much worse for the Filipinos than the temporary annexation by the Americans. During the time the Americans defeated the Spaniards and gained control over Cuba and the Philippines, the world was in constant battle. Many of the powerful countries were trying to expand, conquer and takeover weaker countries and lands. The Americans who believe in democracy and freedom for people knew that they had to show their strength and protect others in the process. The part of the world where the Philippines lies was one of the most volatile and dangerous in the world. That being said, it also had some of the most profitable trade routes, richest resources and was a vital part of the world to have a stronghold. By following through with the annexation of the Philippines, the Americans were able to gain a stronghold on the other side of the world, enrich themselves by gaining access to the valuable resources that were so plentiful and to take the time to help spread freedom and democracy. William McKinley clearly believed and stated that â€Å" we could not turn them over to France and Germany – our commercial rivals in the Orient – that would be bad business and discreditable.† There were many arguments as to the merits of annexing the Philippines or to walk away and grant them their immediate freedom. The Filipinos had been tormented, had their land savaged and destroyed by Spain for so long, there was truly only one humane and correct decision and that was to annex the Philippines. The Americans although financially gained from the decision, never waivered from their long-term commitment to help to train, educate and prepare the Filipinos to  self-rule and govern. Establishing a stronghold in that part of the world helped the Americans establish themselves as a world power and leader in personal freedoms and spreading of democratic governments. With America and its military located on the Philippines they were able to protect the Filipinos from attacks from others with bad intentions such as Germany, England, Japan and Spain. During the time of American annexation, the Filipinos united together, learned the skills necessary to survive and protect themselves from others and over time gained the long-term independence and freedom they never would have secured if not for the annexation of the Americans.

Shakespeare’s Sonnet 102

Shakespeare’s Sonnet 102 Poet and screenwriter, Susan Griffin, once said, â€Å"A story is told as much by silence as by speech. † This statement underlines the fact that just because words are not spoken, it does not mean that there is no meaning behind the silence. Someone’s lack of words can have as much, if not even more, power as another’s most persuasive speech. In Sonnet 102, Shakespeare explains why he believes in the power of silence regarding his feelings towards his true love.His allusion to the nightingale correlates perfectly with the paradox of his increasing love for a woman in conveying the sonnet’s overall theme that silence is always preferable to just meaningless words. In the sonnet, Shakespeare uses the allusion of the nightingale to describe his love of a young woman. He states, â€Å"Our love was new†¦/ when I was wont to greet it†¦/ as Philomel in summer’s froth doth sing† (lines 5-7), comparing the sp eaker’s love as his relationship with the woman progresses to that of nightingale’s song.In classical times, the nightingale was widely referred to as Philomel. In Roman and Greek mythology, Philomela was a woman turned into a nightingale by the Gods to save her from the hands of rapist. Because of the violence associated with the myth, the nightingale’s song is often interpreted as a lament, but it is also construed to symbolize beauty and even, such as in the case of this poem, love. In a factual sense, a nightingale is a small bird that frequently sings at night as well as in the day, standing out as one of the only birds that sing after the sun descends.By comparing his love to Philomel after she â€Å"stops her pipe in growth of riper days† (8), he makes his theme of silence clear. Even the most vocal of birds such as the nightingale knows when to stop singing its beautiful song, showing the world how much he truly loves it by offering a moment of pe ace and quiet. This resembles the feelings of the narrator because even though he loves her with all his heart, he does not want to bore her by saying it too often or by making it appear as if his love is not as special as it used to be.In addition, Shakespeare also introduces the poem with the paradox â€Å"My love is strengthened, though more weak in seeming;† (1) that connects his allusion to true love. This paradox starts the poem off by explaining how his love for a woman has actually gotten stronger over time although he may not verbalize it as much as he used to. He attempts to explain that even though he keeps it more to himself now, his love for his woman has only increased as time passed. His love resembles the nightingale’s singing in that it is always going to be there even if it is not heard because he does not want to ruin the beauty of it by saying it too much.The initial burst of first love has surpassed the narrator now, leaving him with a genuine love that does not need a constant reminding with words in order to convey the passion in his heart. Although observing a nightingale singing is rare, its music can always be heard. This parallels the speaker’s love in that his woman does not need to constantly be told how much he loves her, but rather she should know it by his eyes and his actions. His silence emphasizes the idea that words are not always necessary to express one’s feelings, and even in some cases it is better to keep quiet.Shakespeare’s allusion to the nightingale and paradox of his growing love work together to convey the universal idea that sometimes a lack of words can have a greater depiction of a person’s inner feelings than the best articulated vocalizations possible. If a man really loves a woman, she should be able to comprehend the intensity of that love not by the things he says, but by the way he acts and how he looks at her. Perhaps all the noise and speaking in the world then i s actually people’s lack of true love for one another, a love that can only be found in knowing and understanding the Lord Jesus Christ.

R.C Air Plane

DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF RADIO CONTROLLED AIRPLANE Group Members: ADEEL AHMAD(080304) BABUR MANSOOR(080316) BILAL IFTIKHAR(080319) HAFIZ FAIZAN SHABBIR USMANI(080332) BE MECHATRONICS (7-A) Project Supervisor Group Captain (R) Muzaffar Ali Assistant Professor DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AIR UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF RADIO CONTROLLED AIRPLANE Final Year Project Report (Fall) DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF RADIO CONTROLLED AIRPLANE Submitted By: ADEEL AHMAD(080304)BABUR MANSOOR(080316) BILAL IFTIKHAR(080319) HAFIZ FAIZAN SHABBIR USMANI(080332) Project Supervisor ____________________________ Assistant Professor, Group Captain (R) Muzaffar Ali Head of Department ____________________________ Professor/Dean/Chair Department, Engr. Dr. Zafar-ullah-Koreshi Page IAcknowledgement. Page IITable of Contents: Chapter 1: IntroductionPage No. 02 1. 1 Basic IntroductionPage No. 03 1. 2 Transmitter/ReceiverPage No. 04 1. 3 Microcontroller Page No. 05 1. 4 Digital GyroscopePage No. 05 Chapter 2: Literature Review Page No. 06 2. History Page No. 07 Chapter 3: Modeling & DesignPage No. 08 3. 1 Modeling of DC Servo Motors Page No. 09 3. 2 Design of RC PlanePage No. 11 3. 3 Major Parts of RC PlanePage No. 12 3. 4 Mechanical AnalysisPage No. Chapter 4: ReferencesPage No. 14 4. 1 BooksPage No. 15 4. 2 WebsitesPage No. 15 Acknowledgements Apart from the efforts from us, the success of this project depends largely on the encouragement and guidelines of many others. We take this opportunity to express our gratitude to the people who have been instrumental in the successful completion of this project.We would like to show our greatest appreciation to our project Supervisor Assistant Professor, Engr. Muzaffar Ali. We can’t say thank you enough for his tremendous support and help. We feel motivated and encouraged every time we attend his meeting. Without his encouragement and guidance this proje ct would not have materialized. Needless to mention that Sir Raheel Afzal & Sir Moeen Maboob, Lab Engineers, who had been a source of inspiration and for their timely guidance in the conduct of our project work. We would also like to thank all the Faculty Members for all their valuable assistance in the project work.Finally, yet importantly, We would like to express our heartfelt thanks to our beloved parents for their blessings, our friends/classmates for their help and wishes for the successful completion of this project. Chapter # 1 Introduction 1. 1: Basic Introduction Radio Controlled (RC) plane is basically a smaller prototype of an actual aircraft and its dynamics are relatively difficult to understand. For RC Plane there is 3-degree of freedom. Important parameters are: roll, pitch and yaw. To achieve control of these parameters, there are three control surfaces ailerons, elevators and rudder. 1. : Transmitter/Receiver †¢ A Transmitter is an electronic device that gener ates and amplifies a carrier wave, modulates it with a meaningful signal derived from speech or other sources, and radiates the resulting signal from an antenna. The transmitter used for project has 6 channels and is programmable for both airplanes and helicopters. It has a 3-way flap switch, aileron and elevator dual rate switches, rudder mix switch, gear and aux2 switch. A preset memory makes it possible to set up several different models on the same radio. †¢ A  Receiver  converts signals from a radio  antenna  to a usable form.It uses  electronic filters  to separate a wanted  radio frequency  signal from all other signals, the  electronic amplifier  increases the level suitable for further processing, and finally recovers the desired information through  demodulation  and  decoding. Information carried on a radio signal may represent sound, images or data. We are using a 6 channel tiny 4 grams receiver with signal path diversity. 1. 3: Microcontro ller We will be using Arduino AT-Mega 328 Microcontroller and it has a dedicated PWM pin. It has built in ADC therefore no external ADC is required and it is very much faster than Atmel Microcontrollers . 4: Digital Gyroscope How Gyroscopes Work: Gyroscope can balance on almost on any surface with single contact: It can be a finger or even a string. They can resist motion about the spin axis in very odd ways; but the most interesting effect is that gravity-defying part which is called  Precession. We will be using Eclectic Gyroscope in our RC Plane to provide it with stable Flight. We are using Gyro ITG 3200. Chapter # 2 Literature Review 2. 1: History The earliest examples of electronically guided model aircraft were hydrogen-filled model  airships  of the late 19th century.They were flown as a music hall act around theater auditoriums using a basic form of spark-emitted radio signal. In 1920s, the  Royal Aircraft Establishment  of Britain built and tested the Larynx, a  monoplane  with a 100-mile (160  km) range powered by a Lynx engine. It was not until the 1930s that the British came up with the Queen Bee, a modified  de Havilland Tiger Moth, and similar target aircraft. Radio control technology has been in use since 1893, when Nikola Tesla created a boat that was controlled by transmitted radio waves. In 1917, the first radio controlled airplane was successful.During World War II, Germany tried a variety of weapons that were operated by radio control. Radio controlled model airplanes have evolved over the years and seen improvements since that first flight in 1917. Chapter # 3 Modeling & Design 3. 1 Modeling of DC Servo Motrors 3. 2: Design of RC Plane 3. 3: Major Parts Of RC Plane Rudder Flex the rudder back and forth to loosen up the foam hinge. The less force needed to move the rudder the less stress is put on the servo during flight. Alternatively cut them off and use clear packing tape to re-attach them, one slice on each side. [pic ] ElevatorAdjust the travel adjust value to the maximum allowed before the servo begins to bind. [pic] Wings Helps the Plane in gliding and to increase the surface area of the plane. [pic] Aileron For maximum throw, the aileron wing servo has to be swapped around vertically. The servo head should be pointing toward the back instead of the leading wing edge 4. Mechanical Analysis All dimensions of the Plane are From National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics  (NACA) , we selected the NACA series of 0015 as it was cheaper to fabricate. The Analysis of the Aerofoil was performed on Gambit & Fluent as these software are used for fluid analysis.We calculated the Coefficient of Drag & Lift using these software to determine whether the plane will fly or not. The coordinates of the NACA series 0015 was taken from the NACA site. Theoretical Calculations †¢ Length of Aerofoil (chord)= 19 cm †¢ Max Thickness of Aerofoil=2. 85 cm (2. 85/19)*100= 15 We Know that our Aerofoil is Symm etrical, therefore the The NACA Series number of our Foil is 0015 †¢ The NACA 0015 airfoil is symmetrical, the 00 indicating that it has no camber. The 15 indicates that the airfoil has a 15% thickness to chord length ratio: it is 15% as thick as it is long.NACA 0015 1. 000000, 0. 001580 0. 950000, 0. 010080 0. 900000, 0. 018100 0. 800000, 0. 032790 0. 700000, 0. 045800 0. 600000, 0. 057040 0. 500000, 0. 066170 0. 400000, 0. 072540 0. 300000, 0. 075020 0. 250000, 0. 074270 0. 200000, 0. 071720 0. 150000, 0. 066820 0. 100000, 0. 058530 0. 075000, 0. 052500 0. 050000, 0. 044430 0. 025000, 0. 032680 0. 012500, 0. 023670 0. 000000, 0. 000000 0. 012500, -0. 023670 0. 025000, -0. 032680 0. 050000, -0. 044430 0. 075000, -0. 052500 0. 100000, -0. 058530 0. 150000, -0. 066820 0. 200000, -0. 071720 . 250000, -0. 074270 0. 300000, -0. 075020 0. 400000, -0. 072540 0. 500000, -0. 066170 0. 600000, -0. 057040 0. 700000, -0. 045800 0. 800000, -0. 032790 0. 900000, -0. 018100 0. 950000, -0. 01 0080 1. 000000, -0. 001580 Chapter # 4 References 6. 1: Reference Books 6. 2: References Web-Sites file:///G:/GBx%20Brushless%20Motor%20Calculator. htm http://www. futaba-rc. com/ http://www. mathworks. com/products/sl-design-optimization/demos. html? file=/products/demos/shipping/sldo/spe_servomotor. html http://www. futaba-rc. com/servos/brushless. html www. Wikipedia. com

The United States and Syria Conflict Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The United States and Syria Conflict - Essay Example For this reason, the paper will dwell on the prospects for long-term peaceful relations between the United States and Syria Syria In brief, Syria is one of the most heterogeneous states in the world. It holds in its land a vast number of sectarian and non-sectarian groups that are autonomous and independent. The diversity within the state is considered as a hindrance in the creation of policies and the establishment of a strong government. In totality, there are almost 19 million people in Syria which are divided into ten major sects. The Sunni Arabs compose 65 percent of the total population in Syria, followed by Alawis with 12 percent, Christians with 10 percent, Kurds with nine percent, Druze with three percent, and the remaining percentage is composed of Assyrians, Bedouin, Circassians, Ismailis, and Turcomans. Among these fractions, the group that greatly challenges the Syrian government is the Kurds and the Sunni Islamists. Along with this, the Syrians have considered a pan-Ara b identity which causes them to be generous to Arab countries, which allow the Arab refugees to take flight on Syrian land. Currently, Syria, under the regime of Bashar al-Assad, is portraying as â€Å"spoilers† by acting as a benefactor of the Palestine militants. Aside from this, it also often rearms Hezbollah. With this matter on hand, Syria has become more estranged from the United States which had caused Syria to create a strong relationship between Iran (Kaplan, 2008; Sharp, 2010). Relationship of the United States and Syria As an overview, the relationship between the United States and Syria was a diplomatic relationship after Syria achieved its independence in 1944. The diplomatic relationship worsened during 1967; however, it was reestablished during 1974. Syria has become part of the list of states terrorism sponsors of the United States since 1979. However, within the years 1990-2001, the two countries had cooperated in some of the issues involved in the regional l evel. However, in 2003 to 2009, the government of Syria was unable to prevent the country from being a passage point of the fighter which is on their way to enter Iraq. Also, another cause of the conflict was that Syria was unable to deport some of the supporters of Saddam Hussein, and it had also protected the Palestine opposition group in Damascus. Furthermore, the conflict between the states is also ignited by the creation of weapons in Syria for mass destruction and along with its anti-human rights activities (U.S. Department of State, 2012). Approaches for Reconciliation between the United States and Syria There have been many approaches in order to create a peaceful relationship between the United States and Syria. One of the first approaches to gain peace and reconciliation between Syria and U.S. is the realist approach or political realism, which was done during President Ronald Reagan’s administration. As an overview, political realism is based on the paradigm that h umans are born with the need for power. Realism focuses on the use, containment, and the consequences of power. Also, a political realism approach explains the use of power by a state against or for each other (Duncan, Jancar-Webster, & Switky, 2009).  

Kurt Vonnegut Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Kurt Vonnegut - Essay Example And unusually for this form, Vonnegut's science fiction is frequently comic, not just in the "black humor" mode with which he has been tagged so often, but in being simply funny" (Reed). Therefore, he gave a new prospective on comic and science fiction, which was refreshing to most readers. From there, some of the imagery in his books and artwork clarify what some people go through in order to survive life which encourages the reader to take an interest in it because it is something that some Americans are going through at the moment. "Vonnegut's vision of the fantastic in daily life surely must have been influenced by some of the extraordinary events that occurred while he was still a young man, such as the suicide of his mother on Mother's Day 1944 while he was home on leave; his surviving as a prisoner of war the Allied firebombing that destroyed Dresden; the death of his sister Alice from cancer within hours of her husband's death in a train crash. His fiction struggles to cope with a world of tragi-comic disparities, a universe that defies causality, whose absurdity lends the fantastic equal plausibility with the mundane. Much the same outlook pervades the graphic artworks that have increasingly occupied Vonnegut in recent years" (Reed). As it can be seen from his work, it shows a lot of imagery where people's experience when they are wounded and about to face painful consequences of life.However, some critics of his work do not think it gives true imagery of life because it seems more dramatic than that. Just as Vonnegut's prose style has often been characterized as honed-down, so too there is a spareness to his graphics. That is the chief distinction between the vigorously colored felt-tip calligraphy of the early 1980s and the later silk screened art. And in both, the relative simplicity of expression counterpoints the generosity of imagination and vision, making the work more compelling. Vonnegut's concise verbal pronouncements often deflate those myths habitually proffered as giving meaning to daily existence. Yet at the same time his ranging imagination captures the fantastic that permeates the mundane, the fact stranger than fiction that makes daily life forever beyond rationalization. That sense of the fantastic, of the chaotic that fills life with surprises both painful and comic, finds expression in his graphic art as it does in his fiction (Reed)". From there, he could accomplish his goals and successes because he had family support. Socially supportive arrangements as the attributes of socially legitimate roles which provide for the meeting dependency needs without loss of esteem, they are less likely to show aggression while suppressing destructive behavior. From there, socially supportive environments were presented as pattern interpersonal relationships mediated through shared values and sentiments as well as facilitate the performance of social roles through which needs are met. In summation, social support has been defined as an intervening factor tied directly to the coping process 1492. As children we were taught to memorize this year with pride and joy as the year people began living full and imaginative lives on the continent of North Americ

The Confessions of Saint Augustine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Confessions of Saint Augustine - Essay Example Saint Augustine’s memories of his indulgence in carnal pleasures and the adolescent pranks of stealing some pears, prompts him to probe the motives behind these sinful acts. In his search for truth, Saint Augustine relates that it was the Manichean explanation of a dualistic universe where good battled evil and their denial of the existence of a single all-powerful God that first attracted him towards their philosophy. His reasoning is that if God is good and He is all powerful, then how can He allow evil to exist? However, when even the Manichean doctrine could not quell his doubts, he turned to the Neo-Platonist philosophy where evil was explained not as a positive reality but as a lack of goodness. The Platonist philosophy taught him to think of spiritual reality and so conceive of God in non-dualistic terms. He finds in Platonism a way to reconcile his pursuit of philosophy with his faith in the Catholic Church. Their theory that God remains eternal and is the creator of a ll things, and all creation finally return to God strikes a chord. However, he was still unhappy because the Platonists liberated him from his erroneous thinking but even they could not help his lack of self-control which was to him very worrisome. He also complains that Platonism does not give praise to God. He was however inspired to turn inwards as the Platonists advised, to have a powerful vision of God. He tried to visualize God but failed to understand how something could exist without occupying space. He also did not find a solution to his question about evil. For a while, he suspected that evil could be the result of human will, but again wondered if God was all-powerful, how humans could choose evil over Him. It was when he read certain books of the Platonists that were translated from Greek to Latin, that he was inspired to have a powerful vision of God.  

Linear Model and Nonlinear Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Linear Model and Nonlinear Model - Essay Example This model can then be used in predicting the dependent variable values based on the independent variable values. In measuring the association strength between X and Y variables, correlation analysis is applied. Generally, when plotting for the line of best fit, the concept of the least squares is applied. Interpretation of the slope of the line of best fit is usually done in algebra i.e. -0.008/1. The slope represents a ratio that exists between the Y and X variable in that a change in Y per change in X is represented by the ratio. From the equation above, As the X- variable value increases by 1, the Y-variable value decreases by 0.008. In the context of the question, as the years increases by 1, the winning times of the Summer Olympics, 200m Breaststroke women swimming decreases by 0.008. This implies that the units of the slope of the line are determined by the units of the Y-variable per the units of the X-variable. The Coefficient of determination (R squared) is an indication of how well the points of data fit on a regression line. In most cases, the main role of the R squared in statistical models is to predict future outcomes or to test for the hypotheses. This coefficient is used to determine how proportionate the variance of one variable is from another from the model. Usually, the value should range between 0

Molecular Mechanism of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli Essay

Molecular Mechanism of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli - Essay Example Conclusion: Sufficient research results have shown that the E.coli continues to cause infections such as UTIs, resisting the basic ciprofloxacin. These strains are referred to as extended spectrum beta-lactamase E.coli. There is therefore need to develop new antibiotics and explore new ways of tackling the bacteria. Introduction Escherichia coli, commonly referred to as E. coli, are amongst the few organisms that have steered the art of antibiotic resistance in bacteria to altogether new levers. The European E. coli outbreak of 2011 served as an eye opener on the magnitude of harm such a development can cause. On that regard, it is vital to understand the antibiotic resistance mechanism of E. coli, especially at the molecular level. This implies that the quantification of the mechanism upon which this eventuality is realized will have to drench deep into the responsible genetic sequences in the DNA of the bacterium. Fortunately, the genetic sequence of E. coli is already established and safely stored in accessible archives. This is irrespective of the plasticity experienced while sequencing the DNA of E. coli. The main methods by which resistance is observed to occur include: Prevention of entry into the cell, Synthesis of enzymes that lyse the antibiotics, rapid efflux from the cell, and modification of the active site. Evaluation The quantification of the mechanism behind the resistance calls for the isolation of E. coli strains that exhibit this form of resistance. Due to the wide range of antibiotics availed for the fight against the spread of the bacteria, it is vital to focus on strains that exhibit multiple resistances. This is also of merit in a rather different perception in that; it can facilitate the development of antibiotics that encompass solutions to different targets. This helps in the improvement of their therapeutic efficacy. On this regard, a central region of focus falls under the integrons (these are genetic elements able to target and rear range ORFs embedded in gene cassette units and change them to functional genes by ensuring their proper expression). This is with regards to their heightened presence in organisms exhibiting multiple antibiotic resistances. They were originally associated with gram negative bacteria. Progressively the analysis of strategic loci may be of great essence in the quantification of the avenues followed towards the establishment of a resistance in E. coli. Such a locus is the mar locus (Michael, 2007). On reference is that rapid mutations experienced in the mentioned locus; that eventuate into alteration of the coding sequence, hence aberration of the protein sequence produced. Apparently, the development of resistance towards a given antibiotic is based on two broad mechanisms. They include the development of mutated genetic sequence at the DNA level and the horizontal line gene transfer (also termed lateral gene transfer). This simply refers to the accumulation of various mutations via a systematic process; where the central microbe, in this case E. coli, accumulates the necessary mutation via prokaryotic DNA absorption mechanisms. This includes mechanisms such as transduction, transformation, gene transfer agents (found in alphaproteobacteria), or conjugation. The resistance sequences are conveyed along the various tandem sequences, such as transposons, integrons or plasmids (D’

Technological determinism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Technological determinism - Essay Example In relation to this, the notion of technological determinism is referred to the belief that new technology will certainly lead to a cultural as well as social change which further seeks to ensure certain developments in the media and technology dimensions within the society on a whole (O'Loughlin, 2010). Based on this understanding, the paper will provide an insight on how a particular technology is responsible for any sort of cultural and social change. Technological Determinism Theoretically, technological determinism is described as an idiom that depicts how the evolution of technologies influence change in the standard of living of human beings. It is often described as among the most important aspects that positively impact the overall society. Technological determinism is further believed that technological determinism is a media technology that shapes the perceptions of people living in the society and brings significant changes in the way they act and feel. As per this partic ular idiom, technology innovation, with the passing time becomes a bit faded but is well capable to bring considerable changes in the society. Moreover, in the similar context, it is also believed that introduction of any sort of technology in the society influences people to adopt the same which brings changes in their behaviour and eventually alters the overall nature of the society. Stating precisely, technological determinism addresses the impact of different technologies on the overall functioning of the society (McLuhan, 2010). Arguments in Support of Technology and its Impacts on Culture and Society Undoubtedly, technology has driven some significant changes in the society and the culture of the modern day scenario. It has to be mentioned that the impacts of technology in the society can be both negative and positive. Contextually, when assessing the societal and cultural impressions led by technology innovations, the role of mass communication and telecommunication can be ob served apparently imposing positive changes within the society and culture. Taking into account the effects of mass communication and telecommunication technologies, it can be justifiably argued that technology is quite a powerful prospect which is well capable of influencing the lifestyle preferences and beliefs of people and the society at large with a wider prospect for exchanging thoughts and stimulating cultural diversity (O'Loughlin, 2010). Effects of Mass Communication on Society and Culture Mass communication is the overall blend of technologies such as radio, television, newspaper, films and advertising among others. After the evolution of these technologies, a significant change had been observed in the behaviour and standard of living of people which eventually impacted the culture and the society at large irrespective of geographical limits and cultural variances. The introduction of these technologies in the society further allowed people to experience or perform tasks that would had otherwise been stated as unimaginable. For instance, since its innovation and with

The Troubled History of the Airbus A380 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 2

The Troubled History of the Airbus A380 - Essay Example The results of the analysis show that the role of systems and operations management at Airbus is underestimated, and, as a result, not properly integrated into the business. This drawback, through the poor organizational structure, inefficient HR practices, and weak organizational culture and leadership, has lead to lower productivity of the employees, and, as a result, financial losses of the company. Six Sigma or business process re-engineering approaches to improving business processes have been identified as the most effective to be used by Airbus. At the same time, radical changes of BPR approach seem to be more appropriate - the faster Airbus introduces innovations, the faster organizational efficiency will improve. Communication channels and strategies, as well as leadership and organizational culture within the company, should be improved in order for the changes to be effective. Technological advancements in form of management information, transaction processing systems, dec ision support Systems and Executive support systems should be used by the company in order to make its business processes more effective and efficient. In this context of systems and operations management is one of the keys to helping a company in its attempts to improve and strengthen its positions in the market. Therefore, the given report is an attempt to determine and analyze how in particular systems and operations management, as well as its integration within the business, works for supporting and improving organization’s business efficiency. Furthermore, the role of Soft Systems Methodology will be determined in relation to analyzing and defining the business requirements. People, technology, and organizational issues will be analyzed in order to define how in particular they contribute to the improvement of company’s operations. All the above-presented purposes of the report will be drawn upon the example of an existing company with relatively long and comparat ively successful history of operations – Airbus. Airbus’ practical experience and operations outputs will be used for analyzing and making recommendations regarding the effectiveness of the company’s systems and operations management. Operations management itself, according to Slack, Chambers, and Johnston (2010), is a set of activities aimed at effective management of the resources needed for production and delivery of services and products. Information systems, in their turn, are aimed at gathering, processing, storing and distributing data required for making decisions and controlling an organization (Laudon and Laudon, 2007). As such, information systems are to optimize the working processes within the organization by means of structuring data and automating certain processes for them to become more effective.

What were Peron's economical and political polices and why did they Essay

What were Peron's economical and political polices and why did they fail† - Essay Example d economic steps taken by the Peron’s government and there is a so called de-peronizing process in the country to reverse the damage done by the regime. There were major issues involved on the social, political as well economical scale which are considered as failed steps taken by the regime. This essay will look into the reasons behind the failure of economic as well as political policies initiated by Peron during his two regimes and their overall impact on the Argentinean economy and the Latin America as a whole. The structure of this essay will be in such a way that it will first discuss the political history of Argentine just before the era of Juan Peron followed by the Political rise of Peron and then how and what was done on the economic front which made Peron as one of the charming and progressive leaders of Latin America and finally it was explored as to why the Economic as well as Political reforms undertaken by Peron can be considered as failure. In discussing the Political history of the Argentine, we will be focusing on the period of the first half of the 19th century but before the overtaking of Peron of the Argentine government. This period will be analyzed in order to explore the political thought of Peron’s time when finally achieved the throne of Argentine government for the first time in 1946. The Political history of Argentine remained much of a troubled history as it has witnessed much trouble and instability in its political as well as social arena despite having such great potential. It is largely considered that the political problems of the country was much due to its own people rather than inflicting trouble from external forces.(Watkins,1996)1. Historically, Argentine has remained an oligarchy under one party rule. However due to Oligarchy, there was a widespread opposition to the rule too as it was perceived that the Oligarch was pursuing their own class interests therefore there was a growing dissent within the middle class

Expenses of an Adventure Recreational Activity Essay Example for Free

Expenses of an Adventure Recreational Activity Essay Abstract Estimates of recreation visitor spending provide inputs to economic analyses and help to identify the economic linkages between the recreational use of forest and its users. Using data collected through survey, this paper determines the type of expenditure of mountain bikers in Putrajaya Challenge Park (PCP). PCP is a recreation area that provides facilities for adventure recreational activities especially mountain biking (MTB). Food, petrol, toll charges and equipment constitute the main expenses for MTB in PCP. The study provides useful information with regards to the characteristics of users, pattern of use and user’s expenditure. It supplies the policymakers with information on the usage pattern that may help in developing the management plan to maintain or improve the quality of facilities provided in PCP. Keywords: adventurous recreation, mountain bike, recreational spending Introduction The Malaysian government encourages sports and recreation through the development of appropriate facilities and has launched many related events, including the adventure recreation. Ewert and Hollenhorst (1997) defined adventure recreation as recreational activities that contain structural components of real or perceived danger and usually involve a natural environment setting in which the outcome is uncertain but influenced by the participant. According to Arnold and Price (1993), adventure recreation activities are essentially non-utilitarian and provide intense, positive, intrinsically enjoyable experiences to participants. Putrajaya Challenge Park (PCP) offers customized facilities for extreme recreation in Malaysia. It was developed by Putrajaya Holdings with the cost of RM38 million and is currently operated by Putrajaya Corporation in collaboration with the Extreme Sports Association Malaysia (ESAM). PCP is well-equipped with facilities for adventure recreational activities particularly Mountain Biking (MTB). It covers an area of about 30.33 hectares and is located in Precint 5, Putrajaya. It has a network of MTB trails that passes through an oil palm and rubber plantation, secondary forests as well as bushes and grassy areas on hilly slopes. The establishment of PCP as an adventure recreation park has an impact on the economy. Estimates on the spending of forest recreation visitors provide the basis in estimating the contributions of forest recreation to local economy (Stynes and White, 2008). MTB contributes to economic growth through all the necessary expenditures to enjoy mountain biking. According to Chin Kriwoken (2003), the popularity of MTB has grown substantially over the last 25 years and continues to grow. Berg, Braun Otgaar (2000) found that sports events have become an important means for the economic development of local community, region or country. The expenses of these visitors support local businesses by bringing profits as well as creating professions for the region and the country (Stynes and White, 2008). Due to this advantage that comes along with MTB, it seems appropriate to develop an estimate of recreational spending by mountain bikers. The objective of this paper is to determine the type of expenditure incurred by the bikers of PCP for MTB activity. The potentials and benefits of studying Mountain Biking in PCP as one of the recreational attraction in Malaysia are also discussed as well as suggestions for the government or forest recreation authority regarding MTB activity. Findings from this study are hoped to provide the government with the information of how much PCP has economically contributed to the state. Figure 1: Location of Putrajaya Challenge Park Source: Putrajaya Corporation (2010) Methodology The data for this research were obtained from a series of on-site surveys conducted in PCP. The surveys took place at the access point of the Bike and Skate Complex in PCP from December 2010 to January 2011. The respondents were randomly selected among mountain bikers in PCP. Respondents were asked about their expenditures for MTB activity in PCP using a structured questionnaire. A total of 150 effective questionnaires were collected. Results and discussion Frequency of Mountain Bikers According to Residence All respondents were asked to specify their residence. The result shows that bikers in PCP came from various locations. Majority of the bikers were from Selangor (98), Kuala Lumpur (20), Singapore (14), Putrajaya (12) while other bikers came from Johor, Melaka, Negeri Sembilan and Pahang (Table 1). Expenditure of Mountain Bikers MTB expenditure consists of four categories; the cost for food, petrol, toll charges and MTB equipment. MTB equipment includes of bicycle, helmet, biking gloves and shoes, knee pads and elbow pads. It was estimated that the mean expenditure of MTB on food, petrol, toll charges and equipment was RM10.60, RM15.60, RM4.20 and RM1, 862.50 respectively (Table 2). Zero value indicates that there is no expenditure on food. This is because mountain bikers need to consume only a small amount of food which they brought from home for MTB activity. The highest expenditure (RM 1,862.50) was on equipment particularly the bicycle and its accessories. The apparently higher expenditure on MTB equipment compared to others expenses is due to the high initial cost required to involve in MTB activity. The lowest expenditure was on toll charges (RM4.20). It is because the majority of the mountain bikers came from Selangor and need not pay for toll charges. White and Stynes (2008) found that spending for any services and goods are mostly influenced by the type of recreational activity and the distance travelled. Other factors influencing the level of expenditure of mountain bikers include the size of the recreation group which means the number of persons in the group, the time spent at the recreation area, local prices and the opportunity to make expenditure on site. During the study, there was no shop or food stall in PCP. Although the mountain bikers normally come in group, the expenditure on food and/or drinks are low because they usually go to other locations for refreshment after MTB. Conclusion From this study, food, petrol, toll charges and equipment constitute the main expenses of MTB in PCP. Apart from MTB equipment, other expenditure remains low. It is proposed to PCP management to allow and encourage the local community to sell food and/or drink in and around PCP area by providing spaces for food stalls and souvenir shop. By having this, not only will it increase mountain bikers’ spending but at the same time generate economic return to the locals. Nevertheless, the study does not incorporate mountain bikers’ willingness to pay for additional recreational facilities in PCP. In estimating the expenditure for recreational activity and its local economic impacts, there might be difference in value between local and foreign mountain biker. This is due to longer length of stay of foreigner compared to local mountain bikers since they have to travel further from home. Longer stay would increase the expenditure, for instance for extra cost for accommodation and meals. In addition, the majority of the foreign mountain biker in this study came from Singapore. Since higher currency exchange of Singaporean dollars, the foreign mountain bikers have higher spending compared to the local mountain bikers. Hence, it is suggested studies on recreational visitor spending is further investigated in the future. Acknowledgements The authors owe thanks to Muhammad Firdaus Faisal and Muhamad Redzuan Abd Rani for their efforts during the data collection. A special thank also goes to the Manager of PCP Bazly Mohamad Najib, former manager, Mohd Asim Md Ali and the staff of PCP for providing the information and data of Putrajaya Challenge Park. This study was financed by a grant from Research University Grant Scheme (RUGS) Project Number 03-01-11 1158RU. All remaining errors and omissions in this paper are solely ours. References Arnold, E., J. Price, L., L. (1993). River magic: Extraordinary experience and the extended service encounter. Journal of Consumer Research, 20 (June), 24-45 Berg, L. van den, Braun, E., Otgaar, A., H., J. (2000). Sports and city marketing in European cities. Rotterdam: Euricur. Brymer, G., E. (2006). Extreme dude! A phenomenological perspective on the extreme sport experience. Unpublished Ph.D thesis. University of Wollongong Chiu L. Kriwoken L. (2003). Managing recreational mountain biking in Wellington Park, Tasmania, Australia. Annals of Leisure Research, 6(4): 339-361 Ewert, A.W., Hollenhorst, S. (1997). Adventure recreation and its implications for wilderness. International Journal of Wilderness, 3(2), 21–26 Stynes, D., J. White, E., M. (2008). National forest visitor spending averages and the influence of trip type and recreation activity. Journal of Forestry, pp. 17- 24